Uman ndi mzinda waku Ukraine womwe uli ku Cherkasy Oblast m'chigawo chapakati cha Ukraine, kum'mawa kwa Vinnytsia. Mzindawu uli m'chigawo chakum'mawa kwa Podolia, mzindawu uli m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Umanka. Uman imagwira ntchito ngati likulu loyang'anira lokhala ndi anthu 85,473. Kuwonjezeka kwa anthuwa pano patchuthi cha Chaka Chatsopano chachiyuda pali Ayuda masauzande ambiri Amwendamnjira achi Hasidic.
Malinga ndi State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, pafupifupi 28,000 amwendamnjira awoloka malire masiku 3 isanakwane Chaka Chatsopano pa Seputembara 8. Chaka chino, tchuthi cha Rosh Hashanah, kapena Chaka Chatsopano chachiyuda, chimakondwerera Seputembara 9-11. Magulu ambiri achiyuda a Hasidic, omwe ndi anthu opitilira 10,000, adafika pa Seputembara 6. Adawoloka Ukraine makamaka pa eyapoti Boryspil, Zhuliany, Lviv, ndi Odesa, komanso kuwoloka malo m'malire ndi Poland, Romania, ndi Slovakia.
Chaka chilichonse, Ayuda achi Hasid amapita ku Uman kukayendera manda achiyuda, komwe a Reb Nachman aku Bratslav (1772-1810), omwe adayambitsa gulu la Breslov Hasidic, aikidwa m'manda. Manda ake ndi amodzi mwa malo opembedzedwa kwambiri a Hasidim, pokhala malo opembedzera anthu ambiri pachaka.
Momwe Zimayambira
Gulu lachiyuda lidawonekera ku Uman koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 18. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa Ayuda ku Uman kumakhudzana ndi zomwe zidachitika kuukira kwa Haydamaks. Mu 1749 a Haidamacks adapha Ayuda ambiri ku Uman ndikuwotcha gawo lina la tawuniyi.
Mu 1761, umwini wa Uman, Earl Pototsky, adamanganso mzindawu ndikukhazikitsa msika, panthawi yomwe Ayuda pafupifupi 450 amakhala mumzinda. Munthawi imeneyi, Uman idayamba kutukuka ngati tawuni yachiyuda komanso malo ogulitsa.
Mu 1768 Haidamacks adapha Ayuda aku Uman, komanso Ayuda ochokera m'malo ena omwe adathawira kumeneko.
Pa Juni 19, 1788, wosintha boma wamba, Maxim Zheleznyak, adayenda pa Uman ater yomwe adapha Ayuda aku Tetiyev. Pomwe gulu lankhondo la Cossack ndi wamkulu wawo, Ivan Gonta, adapita ku Zheleznyak (ngakhale adalandira ndalama zambiri kuchokera ku gulu la Uman komanso malonjezo omwe adabweza), mzindawo udagonjetsedwa ndi Zheleznyak, ngakhale anali wolimba mtima podzitchinjiriza. zomwe Ayuda adagwira nawo mbali. Kenako Ayuda adasonkhana m'masunagoge, momwe adatsogozedwa ndi Leib Shargorodski ndi Moses Menaker poyesera kudziteteza, koma adawonongedwa ndi mfuti yamoto. Ayuda omwe adatsalira mumzinda adaphedwa pambuyo pake. Kuphedwa kumeneku kunachitika masiku atatu ndipo amuna, akazi kapena ana sanapulumutsidwe. Gonta adaopseza kupha Akhristu onse omwe amayesetsa kutetezera Ayuda. Chiwerengero cha a Polesi ndi Ayuda omwe adaphedwa pa "kuphedwa kwa Uman" akuyembekezeka kukhala 20,000. Tsiku lokumbukira kuphedwa kwa anthu, Tammuz 5, pambuyo pake limadziwika kuti "Lamulo Loipa la Uman," ndipo lidawonedwa ngati kusala kudya ndi pemphero lapadera.
Uman adakhala gawo la Russia mu 1793.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII, kunali gulu lamphamvu komanso lachiyuda ku Uman ndipo pofika 1806, panali Ayuda 1,895 omwe adalembedwa kuti amakhala mumzinda.
UMAN, UKRAINE - SEPTEMBER 14: Amwendamnjira achi Hasidic akuvina pafupi ndi manda a Rebbe Nachman waku Breslov pa Seputembara 14, 2015 ku Uman, Ukraine. Chaka chilichonse, a Hasidim masauzande amasonkhana ku Rosh Hashanah mumzinda kuti apemphere pamalo oyerawo. (Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Brendan Hoffman / Getty Zithunzi)
Rabbi Nahman
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 19th, Uman adakhala likulu la Hasidism, makamaka yolumikizidwa ndi tzadik wotchuka, Rabbi Nahman waku Bratzlav (Epulo 4, 1772 - Okutobala 16, 1810) yemwe adakhala zaka ziwiri ku Uman. Anakhazikika ku Uman ndipo asanamwalire kumeneko anati, "Miyoyo ya omwe adafera chikhulupiriro (omwe adaphedwa ndi Gonta) akundidikirira." Manda ake kumanda achiyuda akhala malo opembedzera a Bratslav Hasidim ochokera konsekonse padziko lapansi. Pambuyo pa kumwalira kwa Rabi Nachman, mtsogoleri wauzimu wa a Bratzlav Hasidim anali Rabi Nathan Shternharts.
Uman anali ndi mbiri yokhala mzinda wa klezmerim ("Oyimba achiyuda"). Agogo aamisili a Mischa Elman anali klezmer wotchuka mumzinda, ndipo nyimbo za Uman zimadziwika kwambiri.
Imadziwikanso kuti ndi amodzi mwa malo oyamba a gulu la Haskalah ku Ukraine. Mtsogoleri wa gululi anali Chaim Hurwitz. Mu 1822 "sukulu yokhazikitsidwa ndi mfundo za Mendelssohnian" idakhazikitsidwa ku Uman komanso zaka zingapo sukulu za ku Odessa ndi Kishinev zisanachitike. Woyambitsa anali Hirsch Beer, mwana wa Chaim Hurwitz komanso mnzake wa wolemba ndakatulo a Jacob Eichenbaum; sukuluyi idatsekedwa patadutsa zaka zingapo.
Mu 1842 munali Ayuda 4,933 ku Uman; mu 1897 - 17,945 (59% ya anthu onse), ndipo mu 1910, 28,267. Mu 1870 panali masunagoge akuluakulu 14 ndi nyumba yamapemphero
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX-XX Uman wakhala malo opangira malonda. Mu 1890 okwerera sitima adatsegulidwa. Izi zalimbikitsa kwambiri chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi malonda. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX, panali masunagoge akuluakulu 4, nyumba zopempherera 13, masukulu atatu achichepere komanso Talmud Torah ku Uman.
Mu 1905, chifukwa cha kuwukira kwa Ayuda 3 adaphedwa.
Aman amalonda ku 1913 okhala ndi mayina achiyuda ambiri:
Mu gawo la Uman la Russian Business Business Directory lolembedwa ndi 1913 tanena izi:
- rabbi wovomerezeka anali Kontorshik Ber Ioselevich
- rabbi wauzimu Borochin P., Mats
- Masunagoge: "Hahnusas-Kalo", Novobazarnaya Horal, Starobazarnaya, Talnovskaya
- Nyumba zopempherera: "Besgamedrash", Latvatskogo, Tsirulnikova
- Sukulu yazimayi yachiyuda yazaka zitatu, mutu wake anali Boguslavskaya Tsesya Avramovna
- Talmud-Torah, mutu ndi Gershengorn A.
- anatchula mabungwe 6 achiyuda othandizira
Zachikhalidwe Zankhondo
Munthawi ya Kusintha kwa a Bolshevik, Ayuda aku Uman adapirira masautso ambiri. M'ngululu ndi chilimwe cha 1919, magulu ankhondo angapo adadutsa mumzinda ndikupha anthu ambiri; panali anthu 400 omwe anazunzidwa mu pogrom yoyamba ndipo opitilira 90 pambuyo pake. Oposa 400 omwe adaphedwa ndi pogrom 12-14 Meyi 1919 adayikidwa m'manda achiyuda m'manda atatu. Nthawi iyi akhristu adathandizira kubisa Ayuda. Council for Public Peace, ambiri mwa mamembala ake anali Akhristu odziwika, ndi Ayuda ochepa ochepa, adapulumutsa mzindawo pangozi kangapo; Mwachitsanzo, mu 1920, idathetsa chiwembu choyambitsidwa ndi asitikali a General A. Denikin.
M'buku "Sokolievka / Justingrad: Zaka 1983 Zolimbana ndi Kuvutika mu Shtetl yaku Ukraine", New York XNUMX adanenanso zambiri za nthawi ino ku Uman:
Kupha anthu ambiri kwachiyuda kwachiyuda kudafalitsa mantha akulu pakati pa Ayuda onse m'chigawo chonse. Posakhalitsa, uthenga unafika ku Uman kuti Zeleny ali paulendo. Uku kunali kuyamba kwa Ogasiti, ndipo mantha akulu adagwera gulu lachiyuda la Uman. Mzindawu unali utakumana ndi kuphedwa kwa Atamans Sokol, Stetsyure ndi Nikolsky. "Kukhumudwa komanso kusowa chochita", anafotokoza wopulumuka, "zinali zazikulu kwambiri kotero kuti Ayuda aku Uman adayamba mphekesera kuti kuli magulu ankhondo aku America aku 50 ku Kiev omwe amawateteza ku ziwopsezo. Chiyembekezo chokha chinali chakuti Achimereka adzafika magulu achifwamba asanayambe. ”
Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni
Mu 1920s ndi 30s, Ayuda ambiri adasamuka ku Uman kupita ku Kiev ndi malo ena akuluakulu okhala ndi gulu lachiyuda lochepetsedwa kukula ndi ena khumi mwa 1926 mpaka anthu 22,179 (49,5%).
n 1936, atakhala nthawi yayitali kukonzera chiwembu Ayuda, ndipo atakhoma misonkho yolemetsa kwambiri yomwe boma la chikomyunizimu lidawakhomera, nthawi ya sunagoge inatha. Malemu a Reb Levy Yitzchok Bender, omwe amayang'anira sunagoge pomwe amatsekedwa, adati ndi sunagoge womaliza kuderali kutsekedwa. Anakhala malo osungira mipukutu yonse ya Torah m'masunagoge amchigawo.
Mu 1939, panali Ayuda osachepera 13,000 (29,8%) ku Uman.
Kupha Anthu
Pa Ogasiti 1, 1941, Uman atatanganidwa, Ayuda pafupifupi 15,000 amakhala mumzinda womwe umaphatikizaponso othawa kwawo ochokera kumidzi ndi matauni oyandikana nawo.
Pakuwombera koyamba, madokotala asanu achiyuda adaphedwa. Pa Ogasiti 13, Ajeremani adapha anthu 80 kuchokera kwa anzeru achiyuda akumaloko.
Pa Seputembara 21, Ayuda masauzande angapo adalowetsedwa mchipinda chapansi cha nyumba yamndende, ndipo anthu pafupifupi chikwi amamwalira ndi kutsamwa.
Pa Okutobala 1 1941, ghetto idakhazikitsidwa m'dera lotchedwa Rakivka. Koma Okutobala 10 1941 (Yom Kippur) ghetto idachotsedwa. Gulu lankhondo la apolisi la 304 lochokera ku Kirovograd lidapha Ayuda 5,400 ochokera ku Uman ndi 600 omwe adagwidwa. Ndi Ayuda okha omwe ali ndi maluso ofunikira kunkhondo omwe adatsalira ku ghetto ndi mabanja awo. Samborskiy ndi Tabachnik anali oyang'anira a Judenrat. Akaidi aku ghetto adazunzidwa mwankhanza.
Mu Epulo 1942, waku Germany adapempha Mtsogoleri wa ghetto Chaim Shvartz kuti apatse ana achiyuda 1000 kuti aphedwe koma iye adakana. Pambuyo pake Ajeremani adasankha ana opitilira 1000 ndikuwapha pafupi ndi mudzi wa Grodzevo.
Munthawi ya 1941-1942 Ayuda opitilira 10,000 adaphedwa ku Uman. Msasa wachibalo wa Ayuda ochokera ku Transnistria, Bessarabia ndi Bukovina adakhazikitsidwa ghetto itathetsedwa.
Msasa wa POW wotchedwa "Uman Pit" unagwira ntchito nthawi yachilimwe-nthawi yophukira 1941 ku Uman komwe anthu masauzande ambiri adamwalira kapena kuphedwa. Wolemba nkhani waku Germany wonena za msasa wa "Uman Pit" ku 1941:
80% ya chiwonongeko chonse cha anthu wamba ku Uman anali Ayuda.
Nawa Amitundu Olungama a Uman ndi dera lomwe adapulumutsa miyoyo yachiyuda panthawi ya Nazi: a Victor Fedoseevich Kryzhanovskii, a Galina Mikhailovna Zayats, a Galina Andreyevna Zakharova.
Pambuyo pa WWII
Mu 1959 panali Ayuda 2,200 (5% ya anthu onse). Chakumapeto kwa ma 1960 anthu achiyuda anali pafupifupi 1,000. Sunagoge womaliza adatsekedwa ndi akuluakulu mu 1957, ndipo manda achiyuda adasokonekera. Chikumbutso chokumbukira ofera achiyuda 17,000 a chipani cha Nazi ali ndi mawu achiyidishi.
Ayuda ena amapitabe kumanda a Nahman waku Bratslav. Soviet Union itatha, maulendo opita kumanda a Rebbe Nahman adatchuka kwambiri, pomwe masauzande amabwera kuchokera padziko lonse lapansi ku Rosh ha-Shanah.
Kanema wamba waulendo wa Hasidim wopita ku Uman mzaka zapitazi za Soviet Union (1989). Munthawi imeneyo manda a Rabi a Nahman anali pafupi ndi zenera la nyumba yachiyuda pamanda achiyuda owonongedwa:
zomangamanga
Gawo lamzindawu linali pamsewu wapakati wa Nikolaev (tsopano Lenin Street). Quarter Yachiyuda inali kumwera kwa mzindawu, munjira yomwe ikulowera mlatho wapamtunda wa Umanka. Chochititsa chidwi chinali kukhazikika kwake kwakale. Osauka achiyuda amakhala makamaka kumeneko. Mabanja angapo amakhala m'nyumba imodzi, okhala pansi, kuphatikiza chipinda chapansi. Nyumbazi zinali ngati nyumba zogona, zoyandikana kwambiri, zolumikizana moyandikana wina motsetsereka kopanda mipanda yozilekanitsa. Misewu yokhotakhota imadzera kumsika.
Mzinda wa City Center unali ndi sunagoge wa Choral mumsewu wapamwamba wa Ayuda (tsopano fakitale ya "Megaommeter"). Malowa amatchedwa Lower Jewish kapena Rakovka (tsopano msewu wa Sholom Aleichem). Anthu achiyuda a Rakovka anali amachita bizinesi yaying'ono, monga akalipentala, osema zitsulo, osoka zovala ndi opanga nsapato.
Anthu achiyuda amatenga nawo mbali pamalonda, pomwe anali kugulitsa masitolo ang'onoang'ono komanso masheya. Gawo lina lachiyuda ku Uman likadalipo lero ndipo lidapangidwa mozungulira mzindawu, mdera lomwe lili pakati pamisewu ya Uritskogo ndi Lenin. Ndi msewu wogulitsa, womwe kale munkakhala Ayuda ambiri ku Uman. Sunagoge adawonongedwa pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse ndipo nyumba idamangidwa mmalo mwake.
Manda a Rabbi Nahman
Mandawa adalipo kuyambira pomwe Ayuda adakhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 18. Malinga ndi magwero ena a Hasidic, omwe adaphedwa ndi Uman ku 1768 adayikidwa pano. Zikuwoneka kuti manda akale anali pamalo omwewo. Mu 1811, Rabbi Nachman waku Bratzlav adayikidwa m'manda pafupi ndi omwe adaphedwa ndi Uman. M'zaka za zana la 20, manda adawonongedwa. Palibe miyala yamanda yochokera kumanda akale yomwe idapulumuka.
Mbiri ya Rabbi Nachman waku manda a Bratzlav, malinga ndi magwero a Bratslaver.
Mwambo woyendera manda a Rabi Nachman udakhazikitsidwa pakati pa ophunzira ake atangomwalira kumene (akamwalira, Rabi Nachman adalamula ophunzira ake kuti akapite kumanda ake, makamaka ku Rosh Hashana). M'zaka za m'ma 1920 mpaka 30s, otsatira Rabi Nachman ochokera mdera lawo adasamalira mandawo.
Munthawi ya Nazi a 17,000 a Uman Ayuda adaphedwa ndipo manda akale achiyuda adawonongedweratu. Manda a Ohel on Rabbi Nahman anawonongedwa ndi bomba mu 1944. Pambuyo pa nkhondo A Hasid ochepa adayendera Uman ndipo adangopeza mwala wamanda.
Mu 1947 akuluakulu aboma adaganiza zomanga mdera la Old Jewish Cemetery. Rabbi Zanvil Lyubarskiy wochokera ku Lvov adadziwa malo enieni a mandawo ndipo adagula malowa kudzera kudera lotchedwa Mikhail. Rabi anamanga nyumba pafupi ndi manda kotero kuti mandawo anali pansi pa khoma ndi zenera. Koma Mikhail anali ndi mantha kuti apezeka ndipo adagulitsa malowa kwa banja lachilendo. Eni ake atsopanowo sanatero Ayuda ndipo sanawalole kuti apite kumanda opatulikawa. Patapita nthawi nyumbayo idagulitsidwanso kubanja lina lachiyuda ndipo mwini nyumbayo analola a Hasidim kuti azipemphera mpaka 1996 pomwe nyumbayo idagulidwa ndi Breslover Hasidim kwa USD 130,000.
Palibe mwala wamanda umodzi momwe udapangidwira womwe udapulumuka. Mandawo ali ndi manda omangidwanso a Rabbi Nahman waku Bratzlav, omangidwa pakhoma la nyumbayo, malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha Bratslaver. Mwala uwu uli pafupi ndi manda a Rabi Nachman, chipilala choyambirira chinawonongedwa pankhondo.
Masunagoge Akale
Kudera lamakampani amakono a "Megaohmmeter" panali masunagoge awiri, choyimba chachikulu ndi chimodzi cha Hasidim. Sunagoge wamkulu wamakwaya tsopano amakhala ndi chipinda chosankhira anthu. Nyumba zonsezi zidayamba m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Khothi loti abwezeretse nyumba zamasunagoge kumudzi lakhala likuchitika kwazaka zopitilira zisanu. Sunagoge wa Hasidim adatsekedwa mu 1957, anali sunagoge womaliza mumzinda.
Manda a Sukhyi Yar
M'nkhalango, pakatikati pa Sukhyi Yar, pali mwala wamiyala wokwera pafupifupi mita zitatu, wozunguliridwa ndi zipilala ndi unyolo wachitsulo. Chipilalacho chimakhala ndi mbale zitatu zolembedwa zokumbukira.
"Pano Pagona Phulusa La Ayuda 25,000 Ochokera ku Uman, Ophedwa M'dzinja 1941. Mulole Miyoyo Yawo Yimangidwe Ndi Miyoyo Yathu Kwamuyaya. CHIKUMBUTSO CHOSATHA. ”
Manda a misa a Tovsta Dubina
Mu February 1942 Ayuda achi Uman adaphedwa mdera la "Tovsta Dubina" kumwera kwa mzindawu. Chikumbutso chidakhazikitsidwa pamenepo pa Meyi 376, 9. Izi zidasindikizidwa Apo.
Manda Achiyuda Akale
Pamiyala yoposa 90% yamalo akale anawonongedwa nthawi ya WWII.
Pali manda ochepa odziwika:
Rabi Avraham Chazan (? - 1917) anali mtsogoleri wotsogola wa Breslov Hasid koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma XX. Anali mwana wa Rabi Nachman waku Tulchin m'modzi mwaophunzira kwambiri komanso wolowa m'malo mwa Rebbe Nathan waku Bratslav. Atasamukira ku Yerushalayim ku 1894, Rabbi Avraham amayenda chaka chilichonse kupita ku Uman. Mu 1914 adakakamizidwa kuti akhalebe ku Russia chifukwa chakubuka kwa World War I. Adakhala komweko mpaka pomwe adadutsa mu 1917 ndikuyika manda ku Uman New Jewish manda.
Munthawi yaukazitape wa Meyi 12-14 yokha, Ayuda mpaka 400 adaphedwa. Chiwerengero chenicheni cha ozunzidwa sichingadziwike. Ozunzidwa ndi pogrom adayikidwanso komweko.
Chikumbutsochi chili ndi mawu awa: "Tsambali ndi manda ambiri a Ayuda pafupifupi 3000 ochokera mdera lino, Mulungu abwezere magazi awo, Anaphedwa panthawi yopha anthu mu 5680 (1920). Ohaley Tzadikiim, Yerusalemu ”.
Manda A Chiyuda
Manda atsopano akugwirabe ntchito ndipo ali bwino. Mandawo ali ndi mpanda komanso chipata chatsopano. Idasiyana ndi manda akale ndi mpanda.
